Iraqi no-fly zones

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Still photograph from a videotape of an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, believed to be an S-A3, launched at a coalition aircraft in July 2001.

The Iraqi no-fly zones were a set of two separate no-fly zones (NFZs), and were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom and France after the Gulf War of 1991 to protect the Kurds in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. The policy was enforced by U.S., UK, and French aircraft patrols until France withdrew in 1998. While the enforcing powers had cited United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 as authorizing the operations, the resolution contains no explicit authorization. The Secretary-General of the UN at the time the resolution was passed, Boutros Boutros-Ghali called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a later interview with John Pilger.

• See also: Wikipedia

• Related: Iraqi Airways, Iraq sanctions

Full-text of Resolution 688 Full-text of Resolution 688 www.fas.org/news/un/iraq/sres/sres0688.htm - Web

Operation Northern Watch Operation Northern Watch www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/northern_watch.htm - Web

Operation Southern Watch Operation Southern Watch www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/southern_watch.htm - Web

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Robert Dryfus article about illegality of NFZs Robert Dryfus article about illegality of NFZs www.prospect.org/print/V13/23/dreyfuss-r.html - Web

The Embarrassment and Illegality of the No-Fly Zon... The Embarrassment and Illegality of the No-Fly Zones www.fff.org/comment/com0211h.asp - Web

No-fly zones: The legal position No-fly zones: The legal position news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1175950.stm - Web

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