Sol Invictus

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Coin of Emperor Probus, circa 280, with Sol Invictus riding a quadriga, with legend SOLI INVICTO, "to the Unconquered Sun". Note how the Emperor (on the left) wears a radiated solar crown, worn also by the god (to the right).

Sol Invictus ("Invincible Sun") was the official sun god of the later Roman Empire. In 274 the Roman emperor Aurelian made it an official cult alongside the traditional Roman cults. Scholars disagree whether the new deity was a refoundation of the ancient Latin cult of Sol, a revival of the cult of Elagabalus or completely new. The god was favored by emperors after Aurelian and appeared on their coins until Constantine. The last inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to 387 AD and there were enough devotees in the 5th century that Augustine found it necessary to preach against them.

• See also: Wikipedia, Commons

• Related: Saturnalia, Victory over the Sun

Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Sol Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Sol www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552806/Sol - Web

Probus and Sol, includes images of coins Probus and Sol, includes images of coins web.archive.org/.../probus.html - Web

Roman-Emperors: Aurelian Roman-Emperors: Aurelian www.roman-emperors.org/aurelian.htm - Web

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Gibbon's Decline and Fall: Triumph of Aurelian Gibbon's Decline and Fall: Triumph of Aurelian www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap11.htm#triumph - Web

Gibbon's references for Aurelian's Temple of Sol I... Gibbon's references for Aurelian's Temple of Sol Invictus www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/nt11/085.htm - Web

Clement A. Miles, Christmas in Ritual and Traditio... Clement A. Miles, Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan (1912): December 25 and the Natalis Invicti www.worldspirituality.org/december-25.html - Web

Catholic Encyclopedia (1908): Christmas Catholic Encyclopedia (1908): Christmas www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm - Web

Ancient sources Ancient sources www.tertullian.org/rpearse/sol_invictus.htm - Web

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